www.Ideotopos.gr


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?‘?‚ ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ ?ƒ?„� �?…?ï¿½?‰?‚ ���� ��?‚, ?€ï¿½?… ����� � �?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… �������?„?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?ƒ?…?ƒ?„?��?„�?‚ ��� � ���?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?… �����?…?ï¿½?���� ��?„��? �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��?‚ ��� �����?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚. �� ?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ���?€?Œï¿½, ?€ï¿½?… � ?“�������?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?„??ï¿½?ƒï¿½, �� ?„� ?„���?ƒï¿½?Œ?€ï¿½?Œ ?„�?…, ?„�?…?‚ ?„�?ƒ?ƒï¿½?ï¿½?‚ ��??…?†?Œ?ï¿½?…?‚ ?„�?… ?”��, ?ƒ?„�?‚ �??‡ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… 17�?… ��?Žï¿½ï¿½, � ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½? ��?‡ï¿½ ���?„����?„� ��?„�??ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?– ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?ƒ?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ���??ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½?… �����?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ���?†?Œ?ï¿½?…?‚ �����?…?‚ ��� ?„�� ?•����?ƒï¿½ï¿½, � �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?‡ï¿½ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‡?„�� ?„�� ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ ?‰?‚ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚. ?— ������?Žï¿½ï¿½?‚ ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½ ��?„��? �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��?‚ ��� �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚, ?€ï¿½?… ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰, ����� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?„� ?–�����?„�?ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ?”??ƒï¿½?– ����� ?„� ?ƒ?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ��?„��? ?„�?…?‚. ?ˆï¿½ï¿½ ���?ƒ?„��� ����?ƒ?„� � ?ƒ?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½ �?…?„? ??„�� ��� ����?„�??. ?Œ?‡ï¿½ �?€ï¿½?Ž?‚ � ?ƒ?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ��?„��? �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��?‚, ���� �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„��� � ?ƒ?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ��?„��? ?„�?… �?ï¿½?„�?ï¿½?„�?‚ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ ��� ?„�?‚ ��?„�???ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ? ?„�?‚ �?€ï¿½??‡?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �����??‚.

?— 24� ?‘?…��??ƒ?„�?… ?„�?… 1572, ������ ?ƒ?„�� �?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ ?‰?‚ � ???‡?„� ?„�?… ?‘���?… ?’�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…, �?†ï¿½? ����??Žï¿½ï¿½?„� ?„�?‚ ���??„??‚ ?„�?… ?‘���?…, ?ƒ?„� ?“�����, ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„���� ��������� ��?„�?ƒ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �����??„?…??Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ �?…���?Œ?„�?…?‚. ?Ÿï¿½ ?“����� ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½ �?…?ƒ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� ��?„�???ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½, ?€ï¿½?… ��?†?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�� �?€?Œ ?„�?…?‚ �?…���?Œ?„�?…?‚, �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? � �����?„��?Œ?‚ ?šï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ?„�?…?‚, ?„�??‚ �?€ï¿½?„?ï¿½?€ï¿½ �� �?ï¿½?„�?ï¿½ ��?ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ?‡ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?…?‚ ?„�� ���?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½.

?•���� �����?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½??„�?„� �����?Œ?‚ ?Œ?„� � ?ƒ?„?ï¿½?„�?‰?„��? ��� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��? �?ƒ?‡??‚ ?„�?‚ ?‘���?‚ ?ˆï¿½?ï¿½?‚, ��?€?Œï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ��� ������ ?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ���?ƒ?„��� ?„�� ���?€?„?…�� ?„�?‚ ��?Ž?ƒï¿½?‚ ��� ��?„� ?ƒ?…��?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��?‚. ?Ÿ ���?ï¿½?„��� ?œ?€?ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ����� �?‰ï¿½?„��?Œ?‚ ���?„� ����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?…?‚ �?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?…?‚ �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ ?„�?… ?œï¿½?„??Œï¿½?‰?ï¿½?… ?„�?… ���?… ��� ?„�?… ?•?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?ï¿½?…, ��� ��?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?„�??ƒï¿½ ?„� �?ƒ?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?ƒ??ƒ?„���. ?Ÿï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‰?‚, � ?“�������?‚ ����?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�� ?™ï¿½?? ?•��?„�?ƒï¿½ ��� ��?„�����?ƒ?„��� ?ƒï¿½ ��?„?’ ����� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ ���?„� ?„� �������?„?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?ƒ??ƒ?„��� ?€ï¿½?… ?…?€ï¿½?ƒ?„??ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �??‡?Œ?„�� ?ƒï¿½ ?€ï¿½??ï¿½ ��?„���?ƒï¿½ �� ?„�� ������ ?”���?��, ?ƒ?ï¿½?†?‰ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?„�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ � ?™ï¿½?ƒï¿½??‚ ?„�?… ?ï¿½?…? ���?„��� ?„�� ?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?ƒ?„���?„??ƒï¿½ï¿½?… ��� ?Œ?‡ï¿½ ?„� ?“�. ?Œ?„�� � I�?ƒï¿½??‚ ?„�?… N�?…? ?€?ï¿½?ƒ?„���� ?„�� ?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?ƒ?„����, ?ƒ?„� ��?‡ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?… ��?‰?ƒï¿½ï¿½ �� I?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ ?ƒ?„�� ?€?Œï¿½ï¿½ ?“���?Žï¿½, ����?„��� ?„?‰ï¿½ X������?‰ï¿½, �?…?„?Œ ?‰?‚ �����?Œ?‚ ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?„� �� ?ƒ?ï¿½?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€?ï¿½?‚ �?…?„?Œï¿½ ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�?…�� ?ƒ?„�� �����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?“�?‚ ��� ?ƒ?„�� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ �?…?„?� ����?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… ?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…. ?”����? ?ƒï¿½ ��� ��??ƒï¿½ï¿½ ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?ƒ??ƒ?„���.

H ?€?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?“���?Žï¿½ ��� ����?‚ ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½?‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ ?“?ï¿½?†?Žï¿½

B�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?„��� ?„�?‚ B������ ?…?€???‡ï¿½ � �??‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?“���?Žï¿½, ���� ?Œ?€ï¿½?… ��?„� ?„� ��?‡ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?… ����� � I�?ƒï¿½??‚ ?„�?… N�?…? ��� ?„� ?ƒ?‰?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ �?€?Œ ?„�?…?‚ X�������?…?‚ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ ?„�?‚ �?ƒ?„���?„�?ƒï¿½ ?„�� ?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, �?‰?‚ ?Œ?„�?… �� I?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ ?ƒ?…��?„?ï¿½?ˆï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?…?‚ �?‡ï¿½?ï¿½??‚ ?„�?…?‚: �?„??„?‰ � ?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?„� ?“���?Žï¿½ ��� � ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?�� ��?„� ?†ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ A��?Žï¿½. ��� �?ƒ?„� � ?���?‚ ��� � ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?�� �� ?ƒ?„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½, �?‰?‚ ��?ï¿½ï¿½?„� � ?˜ï¿½?Œ?‚ ?„�??‚ �?‡ï¿½?ï¿½??‚ �?…?„?Žï¿½. ��� �?ƒ?„� � ?���?‚ ��?„� ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… �?…?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?, �?… ?€?ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½?„� ��?‚ �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?‚ ?„���?‚ ���?ï¿½?‚ ���?‚ (I�?ƒï¿½??‚ ?„�?… N�?…? I?„, 12-13). ��?… ��?„��?ï¿½?†ï¿½?„�� ?‰?‚ ��??‚: O ?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ �?€?Œ ?„�� ?€?Œï¿½ï¿½ ?“���?Žï¿½ ��� � ���?�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ �?€?Œ ?„� ?†ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ A��?Žï¿½. K�� ?ƒ?„���?„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� ����?ƒ? ?„�?…?‚ � ?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� � ���?��, ��?‡?ï¿½?‚ ?Œ?„�?… � ?˜ï¿½?Œ?‚ �� ?ƒ?…�?„?ï¿½?ˆï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?…?‚ �?‡ï¿½?ï¿½??‚ ?„�?…?‚. K�� ?ƒ?„���?„�?ƒï¿½ � ?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?„���?ƒ??‚ ?„�?… �?…?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ��� ��� ?€?ï¿½?‡?Ž?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?€?ï¿½?‚ ?„� �??ƒï¿½ ?„�?….

?— �����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?“�?‚ ��� � ��?„�?ƒ?„��?‡ï¿½ ����?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… ?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?… ����?„�� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?? ��� �?€?Œ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���� ?‡?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ������?‚ ?”���?��?‚, ?Œ?€?‰?‚ ?ƒ?„�?…?‚ �����??‚ ��� ?ƒ?„�� ?•����?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„?: K�� ��? �?ƒ?„�?ï¿½?‰?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� ����?…�����, ??„�?‚ �?… ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…�??ƒï¿½?„�� (����?Œ?‚ 92:1). ��?… ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½: K��?Ž?‚ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?„�� �?€?Œ ?„� ?Œ?„� �?ƒ?„�?ï¿½?‰?ƒï¿½ ?„�� ����?…�����, � �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?„�?‚ (T?ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, �. N., 1976).

E?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?�� ��?‚ ���?ï¿½??‚, � ?���?‚ ���?‰ ?„�� �??ƒï¿½ï¿½ �?…?„�? (����?Œ?‚ 103:19). ��?… �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?‰?‚ ��??‚: E?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ � K??ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?��� ?€?ï¿½?‚ ?€?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ �?€ï¿½?‡?Žï¿½ ��� ?„?‰ï¿½ ���??Žï¿½ ?„�?… �?„�?…?‚ ��� ?„?‰ï¿½ ��??„?Žï¿½, � ?���?‚ ��, ?‰?‚ �� ??„� ��� ��?… ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚, ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?„�� ?Ž?ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?„� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ �??ƒï¿½?Ž?‚ ?„�?… (T?ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, �. N., 1976).

K�� ���?„����� � ?���?‚ ��� �?ï¿½ï¿½ � ?���?‚ ��� ��?‚ ?„�� ?„?Œ?€ï¿½ï¿½ �?…?„�? ����� (E����?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„??‚, ��?†. A?„, ?ƒ?„�?‡. 5). ��?… ��?„��?ï¿½?†ï¿½?„�� ?‰?‚ ��??‚: K�� � ?���?‚ ���?„����� ��� ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ � ?���?‚ ��� ��?„�?…�?ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ��?‚ ?„�� ?„?Œ?€ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���?„���� (T?ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, �. N., 1976).

?“��?„� ��� ??„�� �?ï¿½?ƒ?„? ?ƒ?„�� ?•����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ � �������?„?ï¿½ï¿½? ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½

?Ÿ ?šï¿½?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ (1473-1543), ��??…?ˆï¿½ ? ������ ��� ?���� �� ����?ƒï¿½ï¿½?…?„�� ��� ?‡??Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� ������?Žï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ��?ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ��?ï¿½?†ï¿½?ï¿½?‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ ?Ÿ?…?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½ ?ƒ?†ï¿½ï¿½??Žï¿½, ��?ï¿½ï¿½?Ž?‚ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ��� ?„����??ƒï¿½ ��� ?„�?…?„?Œ?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?����, ?‰?‚ ��??‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚, �� �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?…?ƒï¿½ �� ?„�� ?šï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?•����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �������� ��?��. ?— �?ï¿½?…�� ?„�?… ?…?€ï¿½?ƒ?„??ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� �������?„?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ ?ƒï¿½ ��?„���?ƒï¿½ �� ?„�� ?šï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?•����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?… ��?‡ï¿½ �����?ï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ ?ƒï¿½ �?…?ï¿½ï¿½??‡ï¿½ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚.

�� ����, ��?Žï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?ï¿½?Œ?„�?ï¿½, � ?šï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?”�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚, � �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� �?ï¿½ï¿½?„� ?‡??Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� �?…���?†ï¿½?ï¿½??ƒï¿½ ?„� ?€??‰?„�?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ��?ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ��?„��?‰ï¿½??‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ ���?Žï¿½, ��?„� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�� ?„�� �?ƒ?‡? ?„�?‚ ?•����?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?„� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ��� ?���� �� �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?…?ƒï¿½ ���� ?„�?‚. ?‘?…?„?Œ ��?Œï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?ƒ?„�� ?€?ï¿½?„�?ƒ?„��?„��? ?‘�����!

�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ ���?„���?‚ �?€ï¿½?‡ï¿½?‚, ����� ��?‰?ƒ?„?Œ ?Œ?„� �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?…?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� �����?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„���� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ �?€ï¿½?‡ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ��?Œï¿½ï¿½ ��� �� ?ƒ?„���?„??ƒï¿½?…� ?„�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½??…?€?„��?ï¿½?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?†ï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?œï¿½?ƒï¿½?€ï¿½?„����?‚ ��� ?„?‰ï¿½ ?‡ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?†?‰ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?‚ ?˜ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?ƒï¿½?‚, �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?…?€???‡ï¿½ � ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�?„�, �� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ �?…?„� ?Œ?„� � �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?‚ ����� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�?ï¿½?‚ �?€?Œ ?„� 6000 ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€ï¿½?… ?‡??Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, �����?Œ?‚ ?–?€ï¿½?… ��?„� ?„� ��?Žï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?…?‚?– ?€?ï¿½ï¿½??€?„�� �?€?Œ ?„�� ������ ?”���?��, �?ƒ?‡ï¿½?„?‰?‚ �� �?…?„?Œ?‚ � �?ƒ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?…?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ?„�?… �??‡ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?€ï¿½?… ?„�?… ?€™?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �����?‚ ?€™?ƒï¿½? (James Ussher, 1581-1656), ?€ï¿½?… ?…?€ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?Œ?„� � ?“� �����?…?ï¿½?���� ?„�� 23� ?Ÿï¿½?„?‰ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?… ?„�?… 4004 ?€.�., ��� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½ ���?‰ï¿½ ��?„� �?€?Œ �?…?„?Œï¿½, �?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?€?ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ��?„�??ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„� ?ƒ?ï¿½?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?�� (?•. ?˜ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?… & ?•. ?”�����, ?— ?Ÿï¿½??ƒ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ ���?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½, ?‘?„ ?„?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚, 1996, ?ƒï¿½ï¿½. 126).

?— �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?„??ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ �?…?ï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½ ??ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�� ?“������� ?„� 1609, ?Œ?„�� ��� ?€??Ž?„� ?†ï¿½?ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ?™?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?‘?ƒ?„?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚, ?‡?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ��� �?…�����?Œ ��� ?€??‰?„�?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?Œ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ������ ?„�� �?€ï¿½?‡?, ?„� ?„���?ƒï¿½?Œ?€ï¿½ï¿½, ?€ï¿½?… ?„�?… ��?‰?ƒï¿½ ?„� �?…��?„?Œ?„�?„� �� ������??ˆï¿½ï¿½ ��?…��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„� ?ƒ?„� ?ƒ?„�?ï¿½?‰ï¿½ï¿½: �?€?Œ ?„�?‚ ?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ?‘?†?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ �?‰?‚ ?„�?…?‚ ?„�?ƒ?ƒï¿½?ï¿½?‚ ��??…?†?Œ?ï¿½?…?‚ ?„�?… ?”��, ��� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ ?ƒ??ƒ?„��� ?ƒï¿½ ���?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½.

?‘��?†ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ ?„� �?„�?‚ 1609, �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„��� ������ ��� ?„�� ?€??Ž?„� �����?„�� ?„�?… 17�?… ��?Žï¿½ï¿½. ?•�?Œ?‚ ��?Žï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?… �?€ï¿½?„���?ƒï¿½ ��� ?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½??‚ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‰?‚. ?— ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½, � �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� � ���� � �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?�� �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ ��� ���� ?€ï¿½?… ?ƒ?…�?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� ������� ?„?‰ï¿½ ����?‰ï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½ ������?‚ ?„�?‚ �?€ï¿½?‡??‚. ?— ���� �?…?„? ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒ?…?ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ? ?„�?‚ ��� ?„� ������� ?„�?‚ ?‘?ƒ?„?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚, ?„�?‚ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��?‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ �?…?ï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½. �� ���?��� ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ��� ?ƒ?…���� ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?ƒ??ƒ?„��� ?€ï¿½?… �?ƒ?‡?…� ��� ��?Žï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?‰?ƒï¿½ ?„� ��?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… ?ƒ?„� ?ƒ?‰?ƒ?„?Œ �������?„?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ.

�?„� ?”??ƒï¿½, ��?„� ?„�� 17� ��?Žï¿½ï¿½, �� ?„� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½? ���?…?ˆï¿½ ?„�?… ?šï¿½??„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½?…, ?„� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?… ���?€?Œ?„�?ƒï¿½ ?Œï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ ?„�?…?‚ ?ƒ?ï¿½?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??‚ ?„�?… ������?„�?‚, � ��� �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½? ?–�?„?ƒï¿½ ?Œ?€?‰?‚ �?ï¿½?ƒ?„��� �?€?Œ ?„�� ?“������� ��� ?„�� ?šï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½??– ����?†ï¿½?ï¿½??ƒï¿½ ��� ?„�� ����??„�?ƒï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?€?Žï¿½, ��?Ž ï¿½ï¿½?„���?„� ?‰?‚ ?ƒ?„?Œ?‡ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ����� ?„�� ����??„�?ƒï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ ��?„�?‰ï¿½. �?…��?€?Ž?‚, ?„� ?„��������?Œ ?€??Œ?„?…?€ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ��?„���?ˆï¿½?‚ ?„�?… �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?… ��?†?…�� ?„����?‰?‚ �?€?Œ ?„� ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ �?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?„����??‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ��?„?Œ?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½ �?ï¿½?ƒ?„��� ?„� ��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„��?Œ ?€??Œ?„?…?€ï¿½.

?•���?‚ �� ����?„�?„�?‚ ?„�?‚ ?™?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ����?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½ ?•?€ï¿½?ƒ?„��?Žï¿½ ��?‰?ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?„� ������ ��?ï¿½ï¿½?Ž?‚ ?„� ?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� ?…?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?‰?‚ ���?„?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?€??Œ?ƒ?‰?€ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½? ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?, ���� � ��?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… �?…?„? ��� ����� ?€ï¿½???‰?‚ ���?ƒ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ ?„� ?€ï¿½?���?„� ?€ï¿½?… ��?‡?„��� � ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ��?„���?ˆï¿½ ?–��� ?„� ?†??ƒï¿½ ��� ?„�� ���??‰?€ï¿½?– �?€?Œ ?„� ��� �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��. ?ˆ?„?ƒï¿½ �����?…

?œ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?’ �?…?„? ?„� ??�� �� ?„�� ?‘?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?„���?ƒï¿½?Œ ? �� ����?„� ?ƒ?’ �?…?„?� ?„�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ƒï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½ ?•?€ï¿½?ƒ?„��?Žï¿½ �� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€??‰?„�??‡ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ??Œï¿½ï¿½ � �?…�����? ��?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?‘?ƒ?„?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚, ?€ï¿½?… ?„�?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ��?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?“�?‚ ?„�� ?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?‰?ƒ?„?Œ?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?…� ?„?‰ ?‡??Œï¿½?‰ ?€?ï¿½?„������ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?ƒï¿½ ��� ?€ï¿½ï¿½? �����?Œ?„�?ï¿½ ��?��?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ ������?‚ �����??‚ ?€ï¿½?… ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� �?…?„��? �?…??‰?€ï¿½?Šï¿½? ??€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½.

?— ?”??ƒï¿½, ?„�?…��?‡ï¿½?ƒ?„�� �?ï¿½ �� ?„?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?Žï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� 1609, ??„�� ��� ������ ?€ï¿½?… ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½. ?œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ������?„�?‚, ?Œ?€?‰?‚ � ?–�� ?œ?€ï¿½?…?ï¿½ï¿½?„�� (14�?‚ ��?Žï¿½ï¿½?‚), � ?ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ ??„?’ ?Ÿ?ï¿½ï¿½ (1323-1382), � ?ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?šï¿½?…����?‚ (1401-1464), � ?ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?šï¿½?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ (1473-1543) ��� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �����, ��� �� ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½?…�� �?…?ï¿½?‰?‚ ������?…?‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ ��?„��?Žï¿½ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„��?Žï¿½, ?€ï¿½ï¿½? ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�� ?“������� ��� ?„�� ?šï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?, �� �?†ï¿½?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?…?‚ �?…���?Œ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ ��� ?„�?…?‚ �?ï¿½?ƒ?‰ï¿½?ï¿½?„���??‚ ?ˆï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?Œ?†ï¿½?…?‚, ��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ����� ?„� ���?Œ ?„�?…?‚ ?€ï¿½?„?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� �����?Œï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ ���?‚ �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½??‚, ��?Ž ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ �?Ž?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„� ���?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ �����??‚ ?ƒ?„� �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½? ��� ?ƒ?„� ?„??Œ?€ï¿½ ��?„���?„?Ž?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ ?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½ ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½. ?œï¿½ï¿½?‚ �����??‚, � �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� �?†ï¿½ï¿½?„??ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� �����? ���?„?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?ƒ?„�� ?‘?ƒ?„?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„??‰ï¿½?Œ?„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ��?„�?ƒ?„?ï¿½?†? ?„�?‚ �?…??‰?€ï¿½?Šï¿½??‚ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„������??‚ ���?„?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?€?Œ ?„� ��?‰?ï¿½?„��? ?ƒ?„�� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½?„��? ��??†? ?„�?‚, ��?ƒ?‰ ?„�?… ?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ ��� ?„�?‚ ������?„��??‚ �����������?‚ (?•. ?˜ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?…, H ���??Œï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?“�?‚, 2008, ?ƒï¿½ï¿½. 202-204). ?ˆ?„?ƒï¿½ ��� �����?…

?Ÿ ?“�������?‚ (1564-1642), � ?€??Ž?„�?‚ ?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?Œ?‚ �� ?„� ?ƒ?ï¿½?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ������ ?„�?… ?Œ?ï¿½?…, �?€ï¿½??ï¿½?ˆï¿½ ?–��?ƒ?‰ ?„?‰ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?‰ï¿½ ?„�?…?– ?„�� ����? ��?„���?ˆï¿½ ��� ?„�� ����?ƒï¿½, ������?Žï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ ?„� ?ƒ?ï¿½?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?œï¿½?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?, ��?Ž ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ � ?šï¿½??„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ (1596-1650) ������?…?ƒï¿½ ?„�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ ������?ï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½ ��?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?Žï¿½ ��� ?€??Œ?„���� ��� ��� ���?Œï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„�?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�� ��?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½. ?Ÿ ?šï¿½??„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€?ï¿½?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ �� ������, ��?ƒ?‰ ?„�?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?…, ?Œ?„� � ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„� ?„�?‚ ?†??ƒï¿½?‚ ��� ����� ��?„?’ �?…���� ?„??Œ?€ï¿½ ?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?Œ?ƒï¿½ ��?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…� �� ��?ƒï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?‚. ?Ÿ �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?‚ ��� ����� ��� ?€ï¿½?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� �??„�� �?ƒ?‰?„�?ï¿½ï¿½? ���?„���, ?Œ?€?‰?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�� ?ƒ?„� ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?‘?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?„��� ��� �?ï¿½?Œ?„�?ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ���?†?ï¿½ ��?„�����? ?„�?… �?€?Œ ?„�� ?”��?„�.

�� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„� ������� ��� ?ƒ?„� ��� ?‘?ƒ?„?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?Œ?€?‰?‚ ������?Žï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�� ?“������� ��� ?„�� ?šï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?, �� �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �������, �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…��??‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�?‚ �?ƒ?†?…?‡?„��� �?ƒ?‡?…?ï¿½?‚ ��� ����?ƒ?„�?‚ �??…?ƒ?„������?‚ ?ƒ?†ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?‚, ��� ��� �?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ �?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?… ��� ��?‡ï¿½ ? ��� ����?‡?Œ?„�� �?€?Œ ����� ?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½? ��?ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½, ��?Ž ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ � ��?Œ?„�?„� ?„�?… ??„�� �?€ï¿½?„���?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ��?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½ �?Œï¿½?‰ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?… ?„� ���?€ï¿½?…� ��� �� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?ƒ?‡?ï¿½?…� ��� ?Œï¿½ï¿½ ?„� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?…?‚ ?„�?��?„� ?€ï¿½?… ?„� �?€ï¿½?„���?ï¿½.

?“��?„� ��?„���?Ž?‡?„���� �� �������?„?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?‚;

�� �??Ž?„��� ������ ?€ï¿½?… ����??€?„�� �����, ?„� ���?„� ��?„���?Ž?‡?„���� �� �������?„?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?‚;
?•?Ÿ �����?‰?„??‚ ?„�?… �������?„?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?, � ?šï¿½?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ??„�� ?ƒ?ï¿½?†?‰ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?„�� ?›ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½: ?Ÿ ������?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ?���� �� ���?„?ï¿½?ˆï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?�� ?„�?‚ �?ƒ?„?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚.
?•�?„� ?ƒ?…��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ � ���?ï¿½?„��� ?œ?€?ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ����� �?‰ï¿½?„��?Œ?‚ ��� ?„�?‚ ����?‚ ?„�?… ��� � ?“�������?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒ?„��� ��?„?’ �����.
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?— �?€ï¿½ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?ƒ?„� �����?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½??„�?„� �����?Œ?‚ ?Œ?„� ?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?…?„�� �� �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?����?‚, �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ ?„� ���?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?, ?„�?…?„?Œ?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?…?€ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½?…�� ��?„� �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„��?Œ ?„??Œ?€ï¿½ ?„�� ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ ? ���??‰?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ. ?”����? ?„� ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½? ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‡? ?„�?‚ ?‡?ï¿½?ƒ?„�����??‚ ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„���?ˆï¿½?‚, ��?„� ?„�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ � ���??‰?€ï¿½?‚ ����� ?„� ���?„?ï¿½ ��� � ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?€?Œ?‚ ?„�?‚ �����?…?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚. �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�, � ?“�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?‚ ������?„���?Œ?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½?‚ ��� �?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?‚ ?„�?‚ ����?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?’��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?’��?„���?€ï¿½ï¿½?„ (Wilhelm Windelband, 1848-1915) �?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ?‡?ï¿½?ƒ?„�����? ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ ���� ����??‰?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?‡ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?„??ï¿½, ���?„� ?ƒ?’ �?…?„?� ?– ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½?„��� �?€?Œ ?Œ,?„� ?ƒ?„�� �??‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �������? ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ˆï¿½?– � ���??‰?€ï¿½?‚ ��� � �?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ �����?„�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½ ?„�?… �?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚. ?Ÿ ���??‰?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ������?ƒï¿½ ��?ƒï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�� ?€?„�����?Šï¿½? ��?„���?ˆï¿½ ?„�?… �?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ ?–�� ?„� ?“� ?ƒ?„� ���?„?ï¿½ ?„�?…?– ��� ?„� �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?…?„��? �?€ï¿½?ˆï¿½ ?€?‰?‚ � ���??‰?€ï¿½?‚ ����� ?„� ���?„?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?€ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?”����?…?ï¿½ï¿½? ��� ?Œï¿½ï¿½ ?„� ���� ?ƒ?„?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?„�� �???‰ �?€?Œ �?…?„?Œï¿½.

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?šï¿½???‡?„��� ���?€?Œï¿½ ���?‚ ��?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ����?„��� ?„?‰ï¿½ �������?„?ï¿½?ƒ?„?Žï¿½, ?Œ?‡ï¿½ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?„� ?ƒ??ƒ?„��� ?„� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?…?€ï¿½?ƒ?„??ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �??‡?Œ?„�� ?ƒï¿½ �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„��? ?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?…?ƒï¿½ �� ?„�?‚ ?“?ï¿½?†ï¿½?‚, ���� ��� ���?„� � ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½ï¿½? ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½, ?€ï¿½?… ?…?€ï¿½?ƒ?„??ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� �?€?Œï¿½?…?„� �����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?“�?‚, �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?„�� ?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?…�?†?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� �� ?„�� �?…?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?„�?… ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?���� ?‘?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?„���. ?•?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ���?€?Œï¿½ � ?‘?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?„���?‚ ��?‡ï¿½ �?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ����� ?„� �������� ?„�?… ?šï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½? ?„�?… ?œï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½ï¿½, � �?€?Œ??ï¿½?ˆï¿½ ?„�?‚ ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½ï¿½??‚ ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �� ���?„?„?‰ï¿½ï¿½ ?„?Œ?ƒï¿½ �??ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… ������?… ?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½?…, ?Œ?ƒï¿½ ��� ?„� ��������? ��?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?•����?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚. ?šï¿½?„?’ �?…?„?Œï¿½ ?„�� ?„??Œ?€ï¿½ ����� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??Œ ?Œ?„� � ?…?€ï¿½?ƒ?„??ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½ï¿½??‚ ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ??„�� �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„��� ���� �����?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„��??‚ ���?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚. ?‘?…?„?Œ?‚ ���?€?Œï¿½ ??„�� ��� � �??ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�� ��?€ï¿½ ?Ÿ?…?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?—?„ (1623-1644) �� ���??ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„� �������?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ����?„��� ?„�?… ?“�������?… ��� �� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„� ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?„� ������ ?„�?… ?šï¿½?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?… ?ƒ?„� Index Librorum Prohibitorum.

?Ÿ ?‡?Ž?ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… �?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚, �� ?„� ?ï¿½ï¿½ ?‘?ƒ?„?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?, �??‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?†ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„� ?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ �?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?„����?Žï¿½ ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½ ?‡?Ž??‰ï¿½, ?„�?…?„���?„�� ?ƒ?„� ?ƒ?…��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?„�� ?‡?Ž?ï¿½ ?Œ?€?‰?‚ �?…?„?Œ?‚ �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� �?€?Œ ?„�� ?•?…�������� ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½ï¿½, �����? ?‡?Ž?ï¿½?‚ ������??‚ ��� �?ƒ?Œ?„?ï¿½?€ï¿½?‚, ��� �� ��?„��?��� ?„�����, ��?„� ?„�� 19� ��� 20?Œ ��?Žï¿½ï¿½, ?ƒ?„�� ����?…�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„�, ��� ?„�� ����?Œ ���??Ž?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?…, ?‡?Ž?ï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ �� ?•?…�������?‰ï¿½ ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½?Žï¿½.

?Ÿ ?šï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?, �?…?ƒ?„���?ƒ?„??‚ ��� �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½?€?„�?‚, ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�?…� ?Œ?„� ?„� �?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ �??ï¿½?„�?‚ ��� �?…?ƒ?„���?‚ �?…�����?‚. ?•�?‡ï¿½ ?„�� ?€ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?Œ?„� �?€?Œ ?„� ?ƒ?„���? ?€ï¿½?… ��?„�?†ï¿½?ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ������?„���?‚ �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?ƒ?„� ����?„� ?„�?‚ �?…?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?ƒ?†ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?‚, ?„�?…?„?Œ?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?…����� ?„�?‚ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„���?‚ ?„?ï¿½?‡ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �� ?„����� ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?‡?��?„�. �?ï¿½?†?‰ï¿½ï¿½ �� �?…?„?Œï¿½ ?„�� ?‡ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ ?“�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ �?ƒ?„?ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½, �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ���??ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ �?…?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½ ?ƒ?‰ï¿½ï¿½?„?‰ï¿½, �����?‚ ��� ?„�����?‚, ?€?ï¿½?ƒ?†ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ��� ������?„��? ��� ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½ï¿½? ����?…?ƒï¿½, �?†?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?…?€ï¿½?ƒ?„??ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?„� � ?‘?ƒ?„?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?ï¿½?€ï¿½ �� ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?ƒ?„�?‚ �??‡ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½ï¿½??‚ �?€ï¿½?Œ?„�?„�?‚. �?ƒ?„?Œ?ƒï¿½, � ?šï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½? ??„�� ?€?ï¿½?„�?ƒ?„��?„�?‚ ��� ?‰?‚ ?„�?„���?‚ ��� ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?„� ?„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… ?šï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½? ��� ?„�?‚ ?™ï¿½?ï¿½?‚ ?•��?„�?ƒï¿½?‚.

?Ž?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?„�???ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ?„�?‚ ��?‰?ï¿½?„���?‚ ����?„�?‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ �?ï¿½ �?…?„?Žï¿½ ?ƒ?€ï¿½?…���?‰ï¿½ �?ƒ?„?ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½?‰ï¿½, ?„�?… ?“�������?… ��� ?„�?… ?šï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?, � ���??Œï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?“�?‚ �?€?Œ ?„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��? ?€??‰?„������?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ??„�� �����?Œ?‚. ?œï¿½?„� �?€?Œ ?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?‡??Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��������?‚ ?„�?… ���?ï¿½? ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??„� ��?‚, ?„� �������?„?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?ƒ??ƒ?„��� ��?ï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� � ?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?„����� �����?‰ï¿½ï¿½?„��� ?„� ��?ƒï¿½ ?€ï¿½?… ��?„��?‡ï¿½ � ?“� ?ƒ?„� ��?„�?ƒ?„��?‡ï¿½ ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?ƒ??ƒ?„���. ?Ÿï¿½ �?†ï¿½ï¿½??„�?‚ �??…?ƒ?„������?‚ ?ƒ?†ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?‚ ?ƒ?„� ����?ƒ?„?Œ �?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?„����?Œ ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?ƒ??ƒ?„��� �� ?„�� �??„�� �?ƒ?‰?„�?ï¿½ï¿½? ���?„��� ��� ?„�� ����?„�?ï¿½?‡?„� ��?ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½ ��?„���?„�?ƒ?„������ �?€?Œ ?„� ��� ?šï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?€ï¿½?… ?…����?„�??ƒï¿½ ��� �?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½, ���?… �?…�����?‚ ?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½??‚ ��?ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½.

?Ÿ ?šï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?, �� ?„� ?ï¿½ï¿½ ?‘?ƒ?„?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?€ï¿½?… ?ƒ?…���?ï¿½?ˆï¿½ ?„� 1609, ??ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ ��?„���?ƒï¿½ �� ?„�?‚ ����?ƒ?„��?…��?‚ ����?‚. ?— ?…����?„�?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?…���??‚ ����?„??ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?–?€ï¿½?… ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½?����?– �?€ï¿½?„���?ƒï¿½ ?„� �??ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?��� ?ƒ?„� ��?Šï¿½ï¿½ �����?…?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?„���, ?„�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?‡ï¿½ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� �?…?„��? ����?Œï¿½?ƒï¿½ � �?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?„����� �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?.

�?…�?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?„��� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?„� � ?‡ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?‚ ?“�������?‚ �� ?„�?‚ ���?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?€?„�?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?„�???ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… ��� � ����?†?…??‚ ?šï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?, �� ?„�?‚ ��?‰?ï¿½?„���?‚ ����?„�?‚ ?„�?…, ??„�� �� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„���� ������?‰?„�?‚ ?„�?… ��?Œ?„�?ï¿½?… �������?„?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?ƒ?…?ƒ?„?��?„�?‚ ��� �� ������?„�?‚ ?„�?… ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„���? ��?‚ ?ƒ?…?ƒ?„?��?„�?‚. ?Ÿ ��� ?€??Ž?„�?‚, �� ?„�?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?„�???ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… ?„� 1609 �� ?„� ?€??‰?„���?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„?Œ?„� ?„���?ƒï¿½?Œ?€ï¿½ï¿½, � �� ��??„�?ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� 1609 ��?ï¿½?ˆï¿½ ?„� ?ï¿½ï¿½ ?‘?ƒ?„?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?€ï¿½?… ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��� ?„�?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�??ƒï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ ���?‚ ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�� �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?�� ?„?‰ï¿½ �?…?ï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½, �?†ï¿½? ?ƒ?’ �?…?„?Œ ?„� �?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?…?‚ �?ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�?…?‚ ?„?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??‚ �?Œï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ ?„�?… ?€ï¿½?… ���?€ï¿½?…� ?„�?‚ ���??ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?Žï¿½. ?Ÿï¿½ ?„?ï¿½?‡ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?Žï¿½ ����� �����?ˆï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„� ��� �?ƒ?„�� ?„�?‚ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?„�?‡ï¿½ï¿½ � ?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� � �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��? ��?„���, ?€ï¿½?… ?ƒ?…����� ?„�� ?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??„�, ����?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ �?ƒï¿½?…?‚ ?‡??Œï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ �?ƒï¿½ ������. ?•?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‰?‚, � ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?„�?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ������?‰?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ �������?„?ï¿½ï¿½??‚ ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„��� ?ƒ?„�� ?“�������, ?Œ?€?‰?‚ � ��?„�?ƒ?„��?‡ï¿½ ������?„��? ��� �?ƒ?„?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ������?‰?ƒ? ?„�?‚ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„��� ��� �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ?“��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?šï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?.

?œï¿½?„� �?€?Œ ?Œï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?ƒï¿½ ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, � �������?„?ï¿½ï¿½? ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½, ?„�?… ?‘?ï¿½?ƒ?„�??‡ï¿½?… ?„�?… �����?… ��� ?„�?… �����?‰?„? ?„�?‚, ?ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?… ?šï¿½?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…, ??„�� ?–?ƒ?ï¿½?†?‰ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?„�� ?•����?ƒï¿½ï¿½?– ���?ƒ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���?„� �?ƒ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ���?‚ ����?‚ ��� ��� �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�� ?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?„�?… ?šï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½? ��� ?„�?‚ ?™ï¿½???‚ ?•��?„�?ƒï¿½?‚. ?“�?’ �?…?„?Œï¿½ ?„�� �?Œï¿½ï¿½ ?„� 1616, ��� �� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…�� ?ƒ?„� ?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ��?‚ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½, � �������?„?ï¿½ï¿½? ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?‘?ï¿½?ƒ?„�??‡ï¿½?… ��� ?„�?… ?šï¿½?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?… ��?„�����?ƒ?„��� �?€?Œ ?„�� ?šï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?•����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?‰?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, �?ƒï¿½ï¿½??‚ ��� �?ˆï¿½?…�?Œ-�?€ï¿½?ƒ?„������?�. ?šï¿½ï¿½ �?…?„?Œ �?‰?‚ ?„� 1820, �?€?Œ?„� � �������?„?ï¿½ï¿½? ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ ��?‰??���� �?€?Œ ?„�� ?•����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?‰?‚ ������ ��?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ��?€ï¿½?ƒ?„������?�, ��� ?ƒ?„���?„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„?Œ?ƒï¿½ � ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?ƒï¿½ ��� �� ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ����?„��� ?„?‰ï¿½ ?…?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½?„?Žï¿½ ?„�?‚, ?€ï¿½?…, ?Œ?€?‰?‚ �?‡ï¿½?…�� ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½, ��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ �??‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„� 1616.

�?€ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½ �??ƒï¿½; ?šï¿½ï¿½ ������! ?— �??ƒï¿½ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?„�� ��� �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?ƒ?„�� ���?‡?‰?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ ?„?‰ï¿½ ??Œï¿½?‰ï¿½. ?ˆ?„?ƒï¿½ �� ����?Ž?‚ � ?˜ï¿½?Œ?‚ ����� ��?„?Œ?‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ �?ï¿½?‰ï¿½ ?„�?‚ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��?‚, � ?˜ï¿½?Œ?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??Žï¿½ï¿½?„��, ��� ?…?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� �??„� �� ���?ƒ?Ž?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ �??„� �� ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½?‚. ?Ÿ?€?Œ?„� � ���?ƒ?‡?Œï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„��?Œï¿½?‰ï¿½ �� ?„� ��?Šï¿½?Œ, ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�?„� ��?„?Œ?‚ �?€?Œ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…��, ����� ?„�?…?„?Œ?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� �����.

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�?„�� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ �?ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?„� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?€??ï¿½ï¿½?… ?„�?‚ ����?‚ ���?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ��� ����������� ��?„���?ˆï¿½ ?„�?‚ �?€ï¿½?‡??‚ ��?‚ ��� ?„� ?„� ����� �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��. ?•���� � ��?„���?ˆï¿½ ?„�?… E�?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?. ?”����? ?Œ?„� ?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ �� ��?Ž?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ �����?…?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?„�� ��?ƒ?‰ ?„�?‚ ��?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?‚, � �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€ï¿½?„���� ?„�� ���?ƒï¿½ ��?„���?ˆï¿½ ��?„�������?‰ï¿½ ��� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½ ��?ƒ?‰ ?„?‰ï¿½ ��?ƒï¿½??ƒï¿½?‰ï¿½. ?Ÿ ?“�������?‚ ��� � ?šï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½? ??„�� �� ?€??Ž?„�� �?ƒ?„?ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?€ï¿½?… ��?†?…��� �?€?Œ ?„�� ��?„���?ˆï¿½ ?Œ?„� � ������? ��?Ž?ƒï¿½ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?ƒ?„� ����?„� ?„?‰ï¿½ �??‡ï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½ ������?‰ï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ �?…���?„�?Žï¿½, ?Œ?€?‰?‚ � ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?����?‚ ?‘?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?„���?‚.

����?‚, ?ƒ?ï¿½?†?‰ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?„�� ?‘lexandre Koyre � �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„������? �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… 17�?… ��?Žï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?…��?„?ï¿½?ˆï¿½ ?„�� �??‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ������ ?„�?… ?š?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?…, ?„�?… �?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰-��?„?‰ï¿½ ?„�?‚ �?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?„����??‚ ��?Ž?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚, ���� �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�?‚ ��?„?…?€?Ž?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ ��?ƒï¿½??ƒï¿½?‰ï¿½, ?„�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ��?„���?„�?ƒ?„�?ƒï¿½ �� ?„� �??‡ï¿½ï¿½?���� �?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚, ?„� ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… ?‡?Ž?ï¿½?…, ?„�?… ��?„?ï¿½?… ��� ?„�?… ����?ƒ?���?„�?… ?€?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?. ?Ÿ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?‚ �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ��� ����?ƒ?„?, ?€ï¿½?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ��?ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���?„�?„������ ��?Œ?„�?„� �?„?ƒï¿½ ��?ï¿½ï¿½?Ž?‚ ?Œ?€?‰?‚ ?„�� �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�??ƒï¿½ � ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?€?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?€ï¿½?… �?ï¿½?��?…� ?„�� �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ �� ��?ƒï¿½ ?„�� ?’���� ��� ?ƒ?…�?†?‰ï¿½ï¿½??ƒï¿½ �� ?„�� �??‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½-�������? ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½ï¿½? ��?Ž?ï¿½?ƒï¿½, ���� ��� ����?‡?„?Œ, �?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½, ����?Œ?ï¿½?ƒ?„� �?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ ?€?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�?…?‚ �?Œï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ ��� ?„� ������?Žï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?…?ƒ?„�?„��� ?„�?…. ?— ?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?…?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?„� �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �� ?„�� ��?„�?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ��� ?„�� ?„??Œ?€ï¿½ ?€?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ?†??ƒï¿½?‚ ����� ��� ?„� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?„���?ƒï¿½?‚ ?€?ï¿½?‚ ?„� �?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ �?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½. ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ �?…?„??‚ ?„�?‚ ?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?…?ƒï¿½?‚ ?…?€??ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?…��?„���?‚ �?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?ƒ?€ï¿½?…���?‰ï¿½ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„��?Œï¿½?‰ï¿½ ��� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?Œ?†?‰ï¿½ ?„�?… 16�?… ��� 17�?… ��?Žï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?€?‰?‚ � ?šï¿½?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚, � �??‡ï¿½ ?œ?€?ï¿½?‡ï¿½, � ?šï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?, � ?“�������?‚, � ?šï¿½??„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� � ?ï¿½??„?‰ï¿½ï¿½?‚.

?•�����?…, ?Œ?€?‰?‚ �?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ � ?œ?€ï¿½??„?ï¿½ï¿½?„ ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ (Bertrand Russell): ?Ÿ ?šï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½? ��� � ?“�������?‚ ?€?ï¿½?‡?Ž?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?„??ï¿½?ƒï¿½ �����?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½ �����?Œ?„?‰ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ���?„??€?‰?ƒï¿½ ��?ï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½ ?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½?„��?Žï¿½ �?Œï¿½?‰ï¿½, ?€ï¿½?… �� ?„� ��?���� ?„�?…?‚ �?€ï¿½?ï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½ �� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ ������?„��� ��?€?„���?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �����?Œ?„�. ?‘��?ƒ?„�?„?‰?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ����� ?„�?…?‚ ?ƒ?ï¿½?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??‚ ?„�?…?‚, �?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?‚ ��� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?„� ?ƒ?…�?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?„� ?„�?…?‚ �??‡ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?ƒï¿½ ?„?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‡?„��? ��?„���?ƒï¿½ ?€?ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ?€ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ �?€ï¿½?‡??‚, �?†ï¿½?„�?ï¿½?… �� ���?„� � ?„?…?†ï¿½? ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„� ?ƒï¿½ ��� �?…���?„�� �?€ï¿½?„?ï¿½?€ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�?…?‚ ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½??‚ �� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…� ?„�?‚ �?ï¿½?…��?‚ ?„�?…?‚ ?ƒ?„�?‚ �������?��?‚ ��� �� ������?„�?‚ ?€ï¿½ï¿½? ?„�?ï¿½?‡?„���� ?ƒ?„�� ���� ?Œ?„� �� ??„�� �������� �� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?„�?ï¿½?ï¿½ ?„�� �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ��� �� ����?…� ?€?‰?‚ ��?ï¿½ï¿½?Ž?‚ �����.

?œï¿½ ?„�?‚ ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… �?…?„�?‚ � ?œ?€ï¿½??„?ï¿½ï¿½?„ ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ��?‚ ����� ��?ï¿½ ?„� ?‡ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?„�?ï¿½?ƒ?„��� ?€ï¿½?… ?€?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…� ?ƒ?„�� �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?�� �� ���?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?„���?ƒ?„�?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½, ?Œ?€?‰?‚ � John Stuart Mill, � Herbert Spencer, ? �� ��?Œ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½, ?Œ?€?‰?‚ o Moritz Schlick, o Otto Neurath, o Kurt Godel, o Rudolf Carnap �.�.

�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½? ������?‚ �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚, ��� ?„�� ?˜ï¿½?„���?ƒï¿½?Œ, �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?�� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ � ������ ��� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?Ž?ƒï¿½. ?•���� � �?Œï¿½ï¿½ ������?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?… �� ?†?„�?ƒï¿½?…�� ?ƒ?„�� �?€?Œï¿½?…?„� �����?Œ?„�?„�. ?Ÿï¿½ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�������?‚ ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?„����?„�� �� ��?ƒï¿½ ?„�?„���?‚ �?„�����?‚ ��� ��������?‚ ?€?ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚. �?ï¿½?†?‰ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?„�� ?˜ï¿½?„���?ƒï¿½?Œ �������� �?€?Œ ?„� ��?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ, �����? ?„�?‚ �?„�����?‚ ?€?ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ��?„��?ï¿½?†ï¿½?…� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?„�???ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚, ��� ��?„��?��?…�� ?ƒ?„� �����?Œ �����? ?ƒ?„�?‚ ��������?‚ ?€?ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚, ?€ï¿½?… �?€ï¿½?„���?ï¿½ ��� ?„�?…?‚ �?Œï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ ?„�?‚ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��?‚.

?ˆ?„?ƒï¿½, �� ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?Ž?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… ?€??‰?„�����??‚ ?˜ï¿½?„���?ƒï¿½ï¿½? �����:
1.?šï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?Ž?ƒï¿½ ?€ï¿½?… �?†ï¿½?ï¿½ �����?Œ?„� ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?ƒ?„� ���?„��ܻ ?ƒ?„��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ��?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ (� ?Œ?ï¿½?‚ ��?„��?Œ ?„�?…?„���?„�� �� ?„� ��?„�?†ï¿½?„��?Œ), ���
2.��?ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�� �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ �����?Œ?„?‰ï¿½ ?…?€ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½ � �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ����???‚ ?›ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??‚ ��� ?„?‰ï¿½ ����??Žï¿½ ������?„��?Žï¿½.
?Ÿ ?˜ï¿½?„���?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚, ?‰?‚ �??ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?…��?ƒ?„?Ž?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½??‚ ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ˆï¿½?‚, �����: ��?Šï¿½?Œ?‚, ���?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚, ��?„���������?Œ?‚ ��� ��?„���?„�?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?Œ?‚ ?–�?€?Œ??ï¿½?ˆï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?œï¿½?„�?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½??‚?–, �� �?…?ƒ?„�?? �����? ?ƒ?„� ��??„?…?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?„??ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ��� ?„�?‚ ��?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?– ��?Ž?ƒï¿½ ��� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.

������, � ?˜ï¿½?„���?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚, �?€ï¿½??ï¿½?€?„��?„�?‚ ?„� ?œï¿½?„�?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?, ��?��?ƒï¿½ �� ��?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��??ˆï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½?„�?‚ ��� ?€?ï¿½?Žï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�� ���?€?„?…�� ?„�?‚ �����??‚ ?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½??‚ ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ˆï¿½?‚. �� ��� ��?„���?ƒ?„��? ��� ?„�?… �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?…, � �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?�� ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½?„�� � ?„??Œ?€ï¿½?‚ �� ?„�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �� ������??ˆï¿½?…�� ?„�� ��?���� ��� �� ��?„���??ƒï¿½?…�� ?„�� �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?ƒï¿½ ?„� �?…��?„?Œï¿½ ���??„�?ï¿½ �??„?‰?‚ ?Ž?ƒ?„� �� ��?„�?†ï¿½?ï¿½?…�� ��?„� �� ?„�� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ˆï¿½?…�� ��?„� �� ?„�� ������?…�� (?•. ?˜ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?…, ?— ����?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½??‚, 2009, ?ƒï¿½ï¿½. 94).

?‘?€?Œ ?Œ?„� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?Œï¿½ï¿½ � ����?…?ƒ? ��?‚ ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½?„�� ?ƒ?„� ?”?…?„��? ?•����?ƒï¿½ï¿½, ?„�� ?šï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ ��� ?„�� �?ï¿½?„�?ƒ?„��?„�?ƒï¿½?Œ. ?— ?Ÿ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?Œ?€?‰?‚ ���?‰?ƒ?„� ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ � ������?„??‚ ?„�?… ����?€ï¿½?ƒ?„����?… ?‘���?Žï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ?˜ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? �?‡ï¿½ï¿½? ?“.?. �����?‚, ��� �?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ��?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?’ �?…?„? ?„�� ��?„�?€ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�?„�: �?„�� �?ï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?‘��?„����??‚ ?•����?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½ �� ���?€?„?…?‡ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ �� �?ï¿½ ���??Œ?„�?„�?‚� ?€ï¿½?… ?‡ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…� ?„� ��?Ž?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ ���?„�?…?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?‰ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� �?…?„��? ?‡?ï¿½?ƒ?„�����? ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½: ?„�� ���?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?„�?… �?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½? ��� ?„� �����?ï¿½?„�� ?„?‰ï¿½ ?€?ï¿½?„�?ƒ?„��?„��?Žï¿½ �������?Žï¿½?…. ?— ?Ÿ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ��?Ž?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?€ï¿½?„� ��?„�?ƒ?„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?Œ?€?‰?‚ ������ ?„�?… ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? �?ï¿½?ƒ?„����?ƒï¿½ï¿½?, ?Œ?„�� � ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?ƒ?„�?‚ ?„����?‚ ?„�?… ��??ï¿½?… ���?‰?ï¿½ï¿½?„� ��?„�?ƒ?„��?‡ï¿½?‚ ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ �� ?„�� ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ ?„�?‚ �?ï¿½?„��??‚ ���?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ (?•?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?‚, ?„�??‡ï¿½?‚ 7, 2009, ?ƒï¿½ï¿½. 7-8).

?’������?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½
Holy Bible: The Gideons International. Ed. 1979.
?˜ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?… �?„?ï¿½?„�?‚, ?— ����?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½??‚ ?– ?‘?€?Œ ?„�� ?šï¿½??„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ ���?„?‰ï¿½. ?•��?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?”��?…��?‚, ?‘�?�� 2008.
?˜ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?… �?„?ï¿½?„�?‚ ��� ?”�����?‚ ?œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚, ?— ?Ÿï¿½??ƒ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ ���?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½ ?– ?‘����?„?Žï¿½?„�?‚ ?„�?‚ ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ��?Ž?ƒï¿½?‚, ?‘?„ ?„?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚, ?•��?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?”��?…��?‚, ?‘�?�� 1996, ?ƒï¿½ï¿½. 126.
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������ ?”���?��. ?ˆï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?‘���?†?Œ?„�?„�?‚ ?˜ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½?‰ï¿½ � �?–?‰?�. �?€?Œ ?™?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?… ?˜. ?šï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ƒï¿½?ï¿½. ?ˆï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ��??„�?ï¿½. ?‘�?�� 1987.
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T?ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, �. N., ?— ������ ?”���?�� ��?„� ?ƒ?…�?„?Œï¿½ï¿½?… �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚. �?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?‘?„ (������), ?ˆï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?‘���?†?Œ?„�?„�?‚ ?˜ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½?‰ï¿½ �?Ÿ �?‰?„??ï¿½, ?‘�?���, ?‘?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ 1976.
�����?‚, ?“.?., ?•����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ��� ���?„�?…?ï¿½?��?„�, ?•?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?‚, ?„�??‡ï¿½?‚ 58, �?„�?‚ 7�, ?•��?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ?•����?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ?•�����?‚, ?‘�?�� ��?€?„���?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ 2009, ?ƒï¿½ï¿½. 5-8.

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